{"id":1281,"date":"2020-08-02T14:37:54","date_gmt":"2020-08-02T10:37:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.restart.ae\/?p=1281"},"modified":"2020-11-23T22:08:42","modified_gmt":"2020-11-23T18:08:42","slug":"immune-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.restart.ae\/ar\/immune-system\/","title":{"rendered":"The Immune System"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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The Immune System<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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The immune system is network of cells (white blood cells or leukocytes; e.g. monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes-B and T) stored in different organs, such as the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes that encounter pathogens, such as viruses, parasites or bacteria and <\/span>fight against infection.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

A healthy immune system can recognize the body\u2019s own cells as well as pathogens by detecting proteins found on the surface of all cells.\u00a0<\/span>White blood cells<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/b>are on constant patrol, looking for pathogens.\u00a0<\/span>Pathogens are agents that can cause disease within the body, and on the surface of each pathogen are proteins known as\u00a0<\/span>antigen<\/span><\/b>, which are specific to each pathogen. Upon entering the body, antigens are capable of inducing an immune response. When white blood cells spot a target they begin to multiply, sending signals to other cells to follow suit. They produce antibodies and\u00a0<\/span>proteins that lock onto specific pathogen, inducing an immune response.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Once an antibody has been produced, a copy remains in the body to deal with the antigen<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>in case i<\/span>t appears again.<\/span>\u00a0The adaptive process strengthens immunity allowing antibodies to fight pathogen with more efficiency.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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Innate & Adaptive Immune Responses<\/span><\/i><\/h4>

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The\u00a0<\/span>Innate immune response\u00a0<\/span><\/b>is the first line of<\/span>\u00a0physical, chemical and cellular defense against pathogens<\/span>. These responses immediately prevent the spread of pathogens throughout the body. Within this response, there are\u00a0<\/span>physical\u00a0<\/span><\/b>(such as skin and gut) and\u00a0<\/span>cellular\u00a0<\/span><\/b>defenses (macrophages and neutrophil) against pathogen.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

The adaptive immune response\u00a0<\/span><\/b>is specific to the pathogen. Pathogens induce a rapid increase of T and B lymphocytes, the major cellular components of the adaptive immune response. The effect of this type of immune response is long lasting, highly specific and is sustained long-term by memory T cells.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

The Immune System & Exercise\u00a0<\/span><\/i>\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>
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Research has shown that frequent exercise is beneficial for the immune system. A weakened immune system is more susceptible to\u00a0<\/span>infection and<\/span>\u00a0is<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>generally<\/span>\u00a0caused by<\/span>\u00a0several<\/span>\u00a0external factors, such as poor sleep, poor nutrition, lifestyle habits, chronic conditions, diseases, and so on.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Immune\u00a0<\/span><\/i>System<\/span><\/i>\u00a0and Stress (Acute and Chronic)<\/span><\/i><\/h4>

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Stress is a broad concept in which an individual experiences challenging or difficult circumstances (stressors) or the physiological or psychological response to such circumstances, also known as a\u00a0<\/span>stress response.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0In humans one of the systems that responds to challenging circumstances is the immune system. The immune system comprises cells, proteins, organs, and tissues that work together to provide protection against bodily disease and damage.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Acute stress<\/span><\/b>\u00a0(or the \u201cflight or fight\u201d response) can last a matter of minutes or hours. Certain kinds of cells are mobilized into the bloodstream, potentially preparing the body for injury or infection during \u201cfight or flight\u201d. Acute stress also increases levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are proteins that coordinate immune responses. Some cytokines, such as IL-5 and IL-10, primarily control and contain immune responses. Other<\/span>s<\/span>, such as IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), induce inflammation. Short-term stress is one of nature’s fundamental survival mechanisms that enhance immune protection. Short-term stress experienced during immune activation enhances innate\/primary and adaptive\/secondary immune responses.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Mechanisms of immuno-enhancement include changes in different types of immune cells (dendritic cell, neutrophil, macrophage, and lymphocyte), trafficking, maturation, and function as well as local and systemic production of cytokines. Short-term stress may also enhance mental\/cognitive and physical performance through effects on brain, muscle- skeletal, and cardiovascular function, reappraisal of threat\/anxiety, and training-induced stress-optimization.\u00a0<\/span>Therefore, short-term stress psychology\/physiology could be harnessed to enhance immuno-protection, as well as mental and physical performance.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Chronic stress<\/span><\/b>\u00a0or term stress, lasts from days to years and is associated with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but with potentially different health consequences. Inflammation is a necessary short-term response for eliminating pathogens and initiating healing, but chronic, systemic inflammation represents dysregulation of the immune system and increases risk for chronic diseases. Another consequence of chronic stress is activation of latent viruses which can reflect the loss of immunological control over the virus, and frequent activation can cause wear-and-tear on the immune system. Long-term stress suppresses or dysregulates innate and adaptive immune responses by altering cytokine balance, inducing low-grade chronic inflammation, and suppressing numbers and function of immune protective cells. Chronic stress can suppress protective immune responses (wound healing, anti-infectious and anti-tumor agents) and\/or exacerbate pathological pro-inflammatory, immune responses.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

The Immune System & Post-Exercise Recovery Methods<\/b><\/em>\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>
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